preliminary, cunning, widespread, averse, grave: meanings and examples

Learn these 5 words from TOEFL Vocabulary set 24. Each entry includes a definition, example sentence, pronunciation, and synonyms. Use the interactive cards above to practice them.

1. preliminary · adjective/prɪˈlɪməˌnɛri/

   occurring before something else in time or order

   The team conducted preliminary research to gather essential data before finalizing their project proposal.

   Synonyms: initial, preparatory, introductory

   Origin: from Latin 'praeliminaris', from 'prae-' meaning 'before' + 'liminare' meaning 'to limit or bound'.

2. cunning · adjective/ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/

   having or showing skill in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion

   The cunning strategist devised a plan that deceived everyone, ensuring his rise to power.

   Synonyms: sly, crafty, devious

   Origin: Middle English: from Old English 'cunnian', meaning 'to know, to know how to', related to the modern word 'know'.

3. widespread · adjective/ˈwaɪdˌsprɛd/

   found or occurring over a large area or among many people

   The disease saw a widespread outbreak across the region, affecting thousands of people.

   Synonyms: extensive, prevalent, universal

   Origin: The word 'widespread' is a combination of 'wide' (from Old English 'wīd') meaning 'broad or extensive,' and 'spread' (from Old English 'spreadan') meaning 'to extend or distribute.'

4. averse · adjective/əˈvɜrs/

   having a strong dislike or opposition to something

   She is averse to taking risks in her investments, preferring to stick with safer options.

   Synonyms: disinclined, opposed, reluctant

   Origin: from Latin 'aversus', the past participle of 'avertere' meaning 'to turn away'

5. grave · adjective/ɡreɪv/

   serious or solemn in manner or appearance

   The teacher's grave expression made it clear that the situation was serious and required immediate attention.

   Synonyms: serious, solemn, earnest

   Origin: Middle English 'grave', from Old French 'grave', from Latin 'gravis' meaning heavy or serious.