antecedent, modicum, animism, enigma, camaraderie: meanings and examples

Learn these 5 words from TOEFL Vocabulary set 15. Each entry includes a definition, example sentence, pronunciation, and synonyms. Use the interactive cards above to practice them.

1. antecedent · noun/ˌæn.təˈsiː.dənt/

   a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

   The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are often considered the antecedent of modern urban society.

   Synonyms: predecessor, forerunner, precursor

   Origin: from Latin 'antecedens', present participle of 'antecedere', meaning 'to go before'

2. modicum · noun/ˈmɑː.dɪ.kəm/

   a small or moderate amount

   Even the most successful entrepreneurs attribute their achievements to a modicum of luck and timing.

   Synonyms: small amount, fraction, bit

   Origin: From Latin 'modicum', meaning 'a small amount'

3. animism · noun/ˈænɪˌmɪzəm/

   the belief that objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence

   Many indigenous cultures practice animism, believing that every rock, tree, and animal is imbued with a spirit.

   Synonyms: spiritualism, pantheism, totemism

   Origin: The word animism comes from the Latin 'anima' meaning 'soul' or 'breath'.

4. enigma · noun/ɪˈnɪɡmə/

   something that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand

   The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains an enigma, leaving historians puzzled for centuries.

   Synonyms: mystery, puzzle, conundrum

   Origin: from Latin 'aenigma', from Greek 'ainigma' meaning 'riddle' or 'situation that can be explained in different ways'

5. camaraderie · noun/ˌkæməˈrɑːdəri/

   a mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together

   The camaraderie among the team members was evident as they celebrated their victory together.

   Synonyms: companionship, fellowship, comradeship

   Origin: from French 'camaraderie', derived from 'camarade', meaning 'comrade' or 'mate'