downward, irrespective, approximately, likewise, namely: meanings and examples

Learn these 5 words from IELTS Vocabulary set 149. Each entry includes a definition, example sentence, pronunciation, and synonyms. Use the interactive cards above to practice them.

1. downward · adverb/ˈdaʊn.wɚd/

   toward a lower place or position

   The hiker carefully moved downward along the steep trail to reach the valley.

   Synonyms: down, downwardly, downwards

   Origin: Middle English 'dounward', from 'doun' (down) + 'ward' (in the direction of)

2. irrespective · adverb/ˌɪrɪˈspɛktɪv/

   in spite of everything or without considering something

   Irrespective of the weather conditions, the event will proceed as planned.

   Synonyms: regardless, nonetheless, anyway

   Origin: From Latin 'ir-respectivus', meaning 'not regarding, without regard'.

3. approximately · adverb/əˈprɑːk.sɪ.mətli/

   close to a particular value but not exactly

   The project is expected to take approximately six months to complete.

   Synonyms: roughly, nearly, about

   Origin: from Latin 'approximatus', meaning 'to come near to, to approach'

4. likewise · adverb/ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/

   in the same way or manner

   The new employee adapted to the team culture quickly; likewise, her colleagues welcomed her with open arms.

   Synonyms: similarly, also, as well

   Origin: from the combination of 'like' + 'wise', meaning 'in a manner similar to'.

5. namely · adverb/ˈneɪm.li/

   that is to say or specifically

   Several countries, namely France and Germany, have agreed to collaborate on climate change initiatives.

   Synonyms: that is, specifically, particularly

   Origin: The word 'namely' originates from the Old English 'name,' which comes from the Proto-Germanic '*namô'. The adverbial use developed in Middle English, suggesting a mention or specification.